2  What is data?

2.1 Definition

Data are values (numbers, text, images, …) together with their context (origin, date, location, …). Without context, values are meaningless.

Example: US Billboard Hot 100 lyrics

Context from the original article analyzed by Foramitti et al. (2025) (see here for a short description of the dataset).

A random sample of 100 rows:

Date Rank Song Title Artist Lyrics_Sentiment Stress
1973-04-14 71 The Lord Knows I'm Drinking Cal Smith 0.990000 0.000000
1973-07-21 64 Tequila Sunrise Eagles 0.830000 1.680000
1973-10-13 96 Farewell Andromeda (Welcome To My Morning) John Denver 0.990000 0.000000
1974-06-15 71 Wonderful Isaac Hayes 1.000000 0.000000
1975-03-22 19 Best Of My Love Eagles 1.000000 0.290000
1975-10-18 65 Get Down Tonight KC And The Sunshine Band 0.980000 0.000000
1977-01-08 22 Shake Your Rump To The Funk The Bar-Kays 0.920000 0.300000
1977-04-30 33 Uptown Festival (Part 1) Shalamar 1.000000 1.350000
1978-03-25 94 Miss Broadway Belle Epoque 1.000000 2.670000
1978-11-18 8 I Just Wanna Stop Gino Vannelli 0.280000 0.000000
1979-07-28 55 Hold On Triumph 0.990000 1.050000
1980-05-31 35 Twilight Zone/Twilight Tone The Manhattan Transfer 0.320000 0.000000
1980-07-19 40 A Lover's Holiday Change 1.000000 2.530000
1980-12-27 83 (Ghost) Riders In The Sky Outlaws -0.989900 2.000000
1981-04-11 46 I Love A Rainy Night Eddie Rabbitt 1.000000 0.000000
1981-05-16 35 While You See A Chance Steve Winwood 0.910000 0.680000
1981-05-30 89 In The Air Tonight Phil Collins -0.742700 1.450000
1981-08-08 8 Hearts Marty Balin 0.990000 2.590000
1982-02-06 43 Tonight I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me) Rod Stewart 1.000000 4.490000
1982-04-17 94 Tonight I'm Yours (Don't Hurt Me) Rod Stewart 1.000000 4.490000
1982-06-26 94 How Can You Love Me Ambrosia 0.940000 1.890000
1982-10-30 92 Close Enough To Perfect Alabama 1.000000 2.440000
1983-01-08 63 Give It Up The Steve Miller Band 0.980000 0.590000
1983-04-16 49 Breaking Us In Two Joe Jackson 0.950000 1.230000
1983-07-16 26 Wishing (If I Had A Photograph Of You) A Flock Of Seagulls 0.890000 0.000000
1983-09-17 7 Human Nature Michael Jackson 0.960000 0.000000
1983-11-26 100 Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive Men At Work 0.980000 1.620000
1984-04-07 23 Thriller Michael Jackson 0.750000 2.830000
1984-10-20 14 Some Guys Have All The Luck Rod Stewart -0.107200 2.360000
1985-09-21 45 We Built This City Starship 0.910000 0.460000
1986-02-08 44 R.O.C.K. In The U.S.A. (A Salute to 60's Rock) John Mellencamp 0.910000 0.000000
1986-07-26 45 Rumbleseat John Mellencamp 0.980000 1.090000
1987-07-04 62 Good Times (From "The Lost Boys") INXS & Jimmy Barnes 1.000000 1.070000
1987-07-11 31 Back In The High Life Again Steve Winwood 1.000000 0.000000
1987-10-03 70 Love Power Dionne Warwick & Jeffrey Osborne 0.990000 0.000000
1988-12-03 91 Rock & Roll Strategy Thirty Eight Special 1.000000 0.680000
1990-01-06 46 Fool For Your Loving Whitesnake -0.937300 2.800000
1990-03-24 4 Roam The B-52s 1.000000 0.000000
1990-06-09 71 Black Velvet Alannah Myles 0.990000 0.410000
1990-07-07 54 Ooh La La (I Can't Get Over You) Perfect Gentlemen 1.000000 0.290000
1991-01-05 73 Just A Little Bit Longer Maxi Priest nan nan
1992-10-03 85 Digging In The Dirt Peter Gabriel -0.996500 3.090000
1992-10-24 33 Good Enough Bobby Brown -0.751100 0.200000
1992-12-05 23 Free Your Mind En Vogue 0.950000 0.480000
1993-08-21 86 In My Nature Nuttin' Nyce -0.940100 0.720000
1994-04-02 18 Rock And Roll Dreams Come Through Meat Loaf 1.000000 1.080000
1994-06-04 74 Night In My Veins Pretenders 0.990000 0.000000
1996-04-27 27 The World I Know Collective Soul 0.940000 0.000000
1996-12-28 79 Naked Eye Luscious Jackson 0.990000 0.210000
1997-02-15 77 I Fell In Love Rockell 1.000000 0.000000
1998-05-23 29 Deja Vu [Uptown Baby] Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz -0.917400 1.950000
1998-08-22 80 The Cup Of Life (The Official Song Of The World Cup, France '98) Ricky Martin 0.990000 0.540000
2000-02-12 15 Maria Maria Santana Featuring The Product G&B 0.990000 0.240000
2000-07-22 42 I Wanna Be With You Mandy Moore 0.990000 0.350000
2001-09-15 72 On A Night Like This Trick Pony 0.980000 0.000000
2002-06-15 30 Drive (For Daddy Gene) Alan Jackson 0.860000 0.230000
2002-07-27 22 Just Like A Pill P!nk -0.997100 3.860000
2002-08-17 30 Long Time Gone Dixie Chicks -0.537400 0.300000
2002-08-17 73 Somebody Like You Keith Urban 1.000000 0.380000
2003-01-25 6 Work It Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott 0.990000 0.500000
2004-01-03 41 Shake Ya Tailfeather Nelly, P. Diddy & Murphy Lee -0.968700 1.360000
2004-08-28 89 How Far Martina McBride -0.948500 1.420000
2004-11-27 42 Some Beach Blake Shelton 0.970000 1.150000
2005-03-12 100 La La Ashlee Simpson 0.900000 1.140000
2005-05-07 22 Karma Alicia Keys -0.992300 1.620000
2007-02-10 70 Alyssa Lies Jason Michael Carroll -0.994700 2.410000
2007-08-25 98 I Wonder Kellie Pickler -0.591300 1.500000
2008-11-29 73 I Don't Care Fall Out Boy 0.990000 1.880000
2009-01-31 100 All Summer Long The Rock Heroes 1.000000 0.000000
2009-03-21 78 Freeze T-Pain Featuring Chris Brown 1.000000 0.240000
2009-05-09 84 Out Last Night Kenny Chesney 0.970000 0.370000
2009-05-23 48 Here Comes Goodbye Rascal Flatts -0.503200 2.620000
2009-06-27 97 Beautiful Eminem -0.998300 2.340000
2009-07-25 25 Battlefield Jordin Sparks 0.790000 3.280000
2010-02-27 19 Baby Justin Bieber Featuring Ludacris 1.000000 0.250000
2010-04-03 46 Naturally Selena Gomez & The Scene 0.980000 0.000000
2010-09-04 32 If I Had You Adam Lambert 1.000000 0.550000
2011-01-29 48 Club Can't Handle Me Flo Rida Featuring David Guetta 0.990000 0.160000
2011-11-05 12 In The Dark Dev -0.624900 0.780000
2012-05-05 76 HYFR (Hell Ya F*****g Right) Drake Featuring Lil Wayne nan nan
2012-08-04 15 Starships Nicki Minaj 0.960000 0.270000
2013-02-02 74 When I Was Your Man Bruno Mars 0.990000 0.950000
2013-09-28 32 It Goes Like This Thomas Rhett 1.000000 0.000000
2014-09-13 13 Fancy Iggy Azalea Featuring Charli XCX 0.990000 0.930000
2014-10-25 30 A Sky Full Of Stars Coldplay 0.650000 0.000000
2015-06-13 48 Smoke A Thousand Horses 0.990000 1.500000
2016-04-02 40 679 Fetty Wap Featuring Remy Boyz 0.950000 0.540000
2016-10-22 65 Come And See Me PARTYNEXTDOOR Featuring Drake 0.980000 0.590000
2017-02-04 18 Juju On That Beat (TZ Anthem) Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall 0.960000 0.540000
2018-07-07 33 Rockstar Post Malone Featuring 21 Savage 0.980000 4.090000
2018-09-15 80 Smile (Living My Best Life) Lil' Duval Featuring Snoop Dogg & Ball Greezy -0.997200 9.780000
2019-04-20 20 High Hopes Panic! At The Disco 1.000000 1.390000
2019-04-20 88 One That Got Away Michael Ray 0.990000 3.290000
2019-04-27 8 Boy With Luv BTS Featuring Halsey 0.950000 1.130000
2019-08-31 85 Right Back Khalid Featuring A Boogie Wit da Hoodie 1.000000 0.000000
2021-11-13 47 I Was On A Boat That Day Old Dominion 0.840000 0.900000
2021-11-27 97 'Til You Can't Cody Johnson 1.000000 0.270000
2023-02-25 9 Cuff It Beyonce -0.963100 5.070000
2023-05-27 57 Waffle House Jonas Brothers 0.980000 1.980000
2023-08-05 20 Creepin' Metro Boomin, The Weeknd & 21 Savage 0.990000 0.230000



Example: Spotify songs

Here’s another sample (without context):

697MjF1454XKvZmTuqkWmD I Miss You Jeriqo 45 2vJ6FDg6ZMS56U8Wbiw2Oz I Miss You 2019-02-05 Pop Hits 2000-2019 6mtYuOxzl58vSGnEDtZ9uB edm pop edm 0.520000 0.789000 0 -7.717000 1 0.043200 0.004910 0.000013 0.081600 0.415000 174.026000 216347
3x2bXiU0o4WbsPkawXlfDA Who Are You The Who 17 6LRJF97hgXHj8uMLHyCDbh Who Are You (Remastered) 1978-08-18 House Of The Rising Sun 1bMYfBHYBCRHY5LGkjlpSy rock album rock 0.651000 0.661000 9 -11.405000 1 0.051100 0.265000 0.003130 0.106000 0.489000 156.371000 378707
0jEaPBjFAWjQTMVouRwaHi Happy The Beef Seeds 30 4IQn9XpweytNX2cUe2NBUH Keepin' it Beefy 2015-01-19 Bluegrass Covers 37i9dQZF1DX56crgoe4TG3 r&b hip pop 0.640000 0.758000 10 -5.204000 1 0.160000 0.665000 0.000000 0.127000 0.932000 86.529000 218044
5EKUb1FKsyYVaSXb41YBIj ONE Rev Theory 35 0gGic19XvEiHKKWBV7M4YM ONE 2020-01-15 Rock Hard 37i9dQZF1DWWJOmJ7nRx0C rock hard rock 0.398000 0.966000 4 -2.352000 0 0.045300 0.000006 0.000000 0.303000 0.520000 90.016000 208196
300DUx4tdtCdGEUXR032jA Palace/Curse The Internet 62 69g3CtOVg98TPOwqmI2K7Q Ego Death 2015-06-26 NEO-soul 3q3M4VCymcMoxJ3Tl7mRqN r&b neo soul 0.447000 0.625000 10 -8.212000 0 0.323000 0.035100 0.000727 0.243000 0.261000 67.104000 440013
1itdjHXFxPQUje5AsI5e9P Hände hoch Baba Saad 22 474520Emg4GhbVg9rmqfib Hände hoch 2017-11-06 Gangster Rap Deutsch 1qXg9ck25tBRxeXsj8mbDG rap gangster rap 0.609000 0.613000 1 -6.662000 1 0.384000 0.145000 0.000000 0.383000 0.498000 91.113000 154768
3HFdPsHeAtmIrCz5fOYnp4 I'll Be Around - Remastered Version The Spinners 33 4Njh8ZQ1VG46bOo8YBF2L9 Definitive Soul: Spinners 2007-04-02 70s Pop & Rock Hits and Deep Tracks 1uKFRCQYci8kVgMy3xzTVH rock album rock 0.833000 0.806000 4 -7.439000 1 0.046300 0.271000 0.000001 0.159000 0.841000 112.230000 191787
4xvTPuwHaXoDM3p0QcY7bH Música DJ Luian 78 2FQMp3csm8cgY6vCJkGpN6 Música 2019-12-04 LATIN POP 2020 🔥 Pop latino actual 2kKzN3kRYDzBctlaWs7CP2 latin latin pop 0.788000 0.820000 1 -4.346000 0 0.169000 0.220000 0.000203 0.079900 0.854000 177.927000 223815
0CVX3h1ogdgdnG9QdJGIyQ Trippie Redd Coqeéin Montana 44 3rkQQ1yre37EDdaoGRRRLT Trippie Redd 2019-11-15 Trapperz Argentina 37i9dQZF1DWXrVH01e3PIE rap trap 0.839000 0.789000 9 -4.645000 1 0.170000 0.157000 0.000009 0.106000 0.629000 149.946000 259200
4thnq3xsCY2KdVGWxM6y38 Close Enough to Hurt Rod Wave 50 5VdxPp341F7XzQyKmzMKiI Close Enough to Hurt 2019-10-23 NEO SOUL GUITAR 0r5ojPhjqGVq21oQR13UJy r&b neo soul 0.803000 0.515000 6 -8.758000 0 0.127000 0.286000 0.000000 0.115000 0.200000 78.021000 135419
7AA4lNDVhoyucOqhBO56XU Aczino: Bzrp Freestyle Sessions, Vol. 8 Bizarrap 69 2Ndg4eoQ9xUyZIPKrxiMoL Aczino: Bzrp Freestyle Sessions, Vol. 8 2019-12-18 Arena Hip-Hop 37i9dQZF1DWVFZbCNivv6B rap hip hop 0.611000 0.840000 7 -4.886000 1 0.361000 0.052600 0.000000 0.083000 0.680000 85.558000 177327
3eDKAKSjpTFVESPkMlfNXa You Better Know WITCH 31 4910t2DpHO9RQd2XctS8wT Welcome To Zamrock! How Zambia's Liberation Led To a Rock Revolution, Vol. 1 (1972-1977) 2017-05-19 Afro Psychedelica 37i9dQZF1DWVyizF9BJ61m rock classic rock 0.704000 0.463000 2 -6.846000 1 0.029300 0.443000 0.015600 0.125000 0.514000 127.616000 210307
34v7cD6VR3fVYguedQ1wuh Tropical Forest The Sleep Specialist 54 3TRoUn8OKRVUcbprXmyGgj Jungle And Forest Sounds 2017-01-09 Tropical Nights 37i9dQZF1DX0ES2mnOVvai latin tropical 0.311000 0.377000 3 -36.509000 0 0.036600 0.129000 0.979000 0.247000 0.038800 84.122000 117449
0IkKz2J93C94Ei4BvDop7P Party Rock Anthem LMFAO 67 1MbBSfcqLg2OjkeZ1RMSIq Sorry For Party Rocking 2011-01-01 Dr. Q's Prescription Playlist💊 6jAPdgY9XmxC9cgkXAVmVv pop post-teen pop 0.750000 0.727000 5 -4.210000 0 0.142000 0.018900 0.000000 0.266000 0.359000 129.993000 262173
0P5lXk4fg0682IgDyK7GFM I'm Blue - Club Mix Kush Kush 65 785itgCjNtYOiRpu1SIDoo I'm Blue (Club Mixes) 2019-09-13 EDM 2020 House & Dance 25ButZrVb1Zj1MJioMs09D edm pop edm 0.735000 0.915000 0 -5.082000 0 0.047500 0.045600 0.000152 0.238000 0.615000 124.007000 150000
5ewa79Xg31HDefmPUpZX0Y Video India.Arie 14 2vc5pjWadm2Q8FxdJ3JSwV Acoustic Soul 2001-03-27 Neo-Soul / Soulful R&B 4F3xAxHxeBwXhK6k6GPnrW r&b neo soul 0.652000 0.604000 9 -8.766000 0 0.227000 0.111000 0.000010 0.040900 0.675000 170.003000 249960
37AJxyHmL3ShqtPnkpbbDN Birds Migos 42 56PJDByaunMWwCqs5rV3Nc No Label II 2014-06-03 ◤ Hip Hop Dance Music – Urban – Trap – Breaking Locking Popping Bopping – WOD – World of Dance 0Hr2h94pKN8QAGVAgD6BsD rap southern hip hop 0.840000 0.561000 1 -8.259000 1 0.205000 0.089500 0.000000 0.362000 0.283000 132.000000 278608
5NHn7UwIgpLQls7LhwF955 House Of Cards (feat. Sidnie Tipton) KSHMR 46 4NcSr9WZLb3CTSt1iaX30g House Of Cards (feat. Sidnie Tipton) 2018-02-16 Electropop - Pop 5TiiHps0hNCyQ6ijVkNZQs pop electropop 0.556000 0.817000 9 -4.442000 0 0.073700 0.019500 0.000024 0.266000 0.423000 109.999000 188652
53rhwRKKrsWaT6tuSzymdY mEnorme Linn da Quebrada 37 5BQRSpNUoFP8oLGbGwvwWj mEnorme 2018-11-09 Orgulho Tropical 37i9dQZF1DWZ8fJXMbebf9 latin tropical 0.383000 0.508000 1 -9.587000 1 0.048200 0.127000 0.000198 0.234000 0.226000 124.817000 224246
4YmxakmVsl3YtvNFrB9ih3 Buggin' - Edit Hot Since 82 46 2BmYbrmX78INsBORi8bL9r Buggin' 2018-06-28 Deep Electronic Music 2020 & Progressive House 5CMvAWTlDPdZnkleiTHyyo edm progressive electro house 0.738000 0.851000 0 -6.573000 1 0.039100 0.001040 0.437000 0.430000 0.359000 123.998000 275806
5X1x7olCET1Kix9YjOMTkN Wherewithal Bokki 56 3oJGMM6U9KPZmnhgk92Pck Wherewithal 2018-10-25 Lofi Hip-Hop 37i9dQZF1DX36Xw4IJIVKA rap hip hop 0.639000 0.265000 6 -17.125000 1 0.061000 0.880000 0.646000 0.870000 0.137000 82.021000 159017
06Gyf2pFDVmN5K8XAawG96 No Cap Future 58 187UNqZ7MX3neMYkkevmdm SUPER SLIMEY 2017-10-20 RAP Gangsta 1Z1gW89x4MSBjkvVjGg7DQ rap gangster rap 0.800000 0.523000 1 -6.578000 1 0.107000 0.001080 0.000000 0.352000 0.379000 147.057000 144142
7LRJmZ6G5qHQEG2CGeTCji We Can (feat. Tory Lanez) Kranium 58 6MhwOilsUaISxb4VnIuxpl We Can (feat. Tory Lanez) 2016-09-23 Latin/Hip Hop/Dancehall/Soca 2rg9LCyvaMQvnCE2hVndpR latin latin hip hop 0.552000 0.618000 5 -6.757000 0 0.320000 0.420000 0.000000 0.109000 0.399000 132.765000 194586
7MRU4vOkywuhZ9kbFiPuiu Si Supieras Daddy Yankee 80 4lmKt00bHLEeqJRTlNOxXS Si Supieras 2019-06-28 Urbano: Latino Vibes 0VsVywryrqLhHmsVFVcOAg latin latin hip hop 0.691000 0.894000 9 -1.681000 0 0.115000 0.291000 0.000000 0.104000 0.623000 184.019000 241880
0wiBYsf6AMo2oIMIubtqOT Platinum Plus Big L 0 2GJNq4qI1bVUGheC2Qevfn The Big Picture (Explicit Version) 2000-08-01 90s Hiphop / Gangsta Rap 5yGuoOwRQF3o8NVRRlvCj7 rap gangster rap 0.627000 0.640000 10 -10.141000 0 0.301000 0.000894 0.000000 0.094200 0.882000 97.226000 217733
7qIICzwgm3eu1Ic3ufPGJf Thick And Thin LANY 5 7qj0DUUeZjpbHIkNFQxSkb TAT / IDWLYA / TTT 2018-09-12 Indie Poptimism 21nxmipQe5xtXoHHPaYfnY pop indie poptimism 0.686000 0.564000 5 -6.063000 0 0.030000 0.059900 0.000000 0.091400 0.266000 99.968000 212429
5vXEj2R1LZFG4D5U70jXnz Can We Talk Tevin Campbell 47 1xhsYljQkbDeXaBljIc5Ce Rhino Hi-Five: Tevin Campbell 2005-12-20 New Jack Swing 3ykXidKLz1eYPvuGoFlD1e r&b new jack swing 0.658000 0.711000 2 -7.424000 0 0.042500 0.075900 0.000018 0.044600 0.614000 172.365000 284587
47dTK2wCmCOlYw2wLZDo1W Saturday Night The Herbaliser 16 2iITDFv9VGAjLMsIQBzGlh Blow Your Headphones 1997-03-01 Smooth Hip Hop 7ozFIvz1bE1HPgQTUl5qfT r&b hip pop 0.827000 0.567000 1 -10.078000 1 0.203000 0.050800 0.000183 0.062200 0.663000 89.070000 306467
0k5YE4nhWJdgzhyTv0YPHP Stranger Alfie Connor 24 45m3VI2tUlicrYPgK1Jaj4 Stranger 2015-02-24 Indie Poptimism! 4hKPJNFIhdAg4pAksn78FJ pop indie poptimism 0.611000 0.369000 10 -10.412000 1 0.081100 0.657000 0.000000 0.112000 0.362000 80.111000 187014
1D6dE2mMlGz3WN1gjKQ76E Mr. Writer Stereophonics 51 51I2N3YcrmqOJfzywty3l4 Just Enough Education To Perform 2001-01-01 Permanent Wave Cafe 0VS9w0NY4KXfLORkhY81s8 rock permanent wave 0.447000 0.775000 5 -3.496000 0 0.038300 0.048300 0.000000 0.103000 0.164000 133.416000 319293
2Pph0CUJ8uksCBzV6iyuQF Lost Blake Rose 69 16A6HpMW9UMCB3GNA0Es7a Lost 2019-02-08 2019 in Indie Poptimism 16RNbqnNCCLlBJti7JU5nc pop indie poptimism 0.595000 0.687000 4 -6.536000 1 0.048600 0.216000 0.000000 0.107000 0.508000 94.730000 234623
35FIDQv0u26DSknDahmcdz With You Lewka 41 5JidIN4s1iPbc7zuIHhUIw With You 2019-08-16 Tropical House 🏝 2020 Hits 2SRbIs0eBQwHeTP7kErjwo latin tropical 0.692000 0.861000 7 -4.864000 0 0.061900 0.380000 0.000021 0.215000 0.558000 115.029000 137348
4ZIvqmpihn94QyFfGcQtdZ Asli Hip Hop Ranveer Singh 54 3UhZwBv1QvSLG1OFQXx930 Gully Boy 2019-01-24 RAP 91 37i9dQZF1DX1ct2TQrAvRf rap hip hop 0.667000 0.641000 8 -11.009000 1 0.609000 0.572000 0.000000 0.311000 0.963000 169.968000 108827
1siDRjAa8MdxNoCHTiiQ7B Been Around the World (feat. The Notorious B.I.G. & Mase) Diddy 58 4OGaOZUHLhSeiicZB909aL No Way Out 1997 90s Gangsta Rap / Top Hip-hop Classics 0C2zyPdlkbWHrwVg9gqNdU rap gangster rap 0.815000 0.529000 6 -10.117000 0 0.280000 0.019100 0.000000 0.406000 0.730000 99.439000 325933
5n0CTysih20NYdT2S0Wpe8 Trouble Cage The Elephant 72 0nW0w37lrQ87k7PLZvC4qJ Tell Me I'm Pretty 2015-12-18 Indie Poptimism 7Ic1UwucK3ozdycPBIPVSR pop indie poptimism 0.470000 0.623000 0 -5.655000 1 0.030200 0.392000 0.000453 0.099200 0.298000 77.861000 225973
5nLJL6DLanZaAq8DVkBs62 La Clase Cazzu 61 5zbO01D6uIqC2ejQSQEN2O Error 93 2019-06-03 Trapperz 37i9dQZF1DWUmxBdWX3Pp4 rap trap 0.849000 0.560000 1 -8.573000 1 0.344000 0.181000 0.000003 0.223000 0.299000 130.924000 267171
2BY7ALEWdloFHgQZG6VMLA Brandy (You're a Fine Girl) Looking Glass 72 5ThwnbpYrk9R1xXkAGCLIs Looking Glass 1972 70s Pop & Rock Hits and Deep Tracks 1uKFRCQYci8kVgMy3xzTVH rock album rock 0.715000 0.625000 1 -11.369000 0 0.060100 0.396000 0.000019 0.134000 0.826000 125.275000 186827
0QNlZgXWDIMdqv6Gjgq0K3 Soul Fifty Chocolate Puma 53 79mGFrYCMldNKJXDXnW1Q8 Soul Fifty 2020-01-10 💊ELECTRO-HOUSE-TECH💊 0AFYmoSuoMQiGGjzvBwr6u edm electro house 0.694000 0.920000 11 -4.783000 0 0.079200 0.018000 0.876000 0.046200 0.579000 124.961000 157440
19UgUdi5wEziJJg239wPYU Drifting - Tim Schaufert Remix TWO LANES 43 5jdJ2EKCV9KicYZQucz9JC Drifting (Remixes) 2019-11-22 Trap Nation 0NCspsyf0OS4BsPgGhkQXM rap trap 0.611000 0.393000 9 -13.501000 0 0.144000 0.292000 0.908000 0.112000 0.167000 80.006000 189273
7BKLCZ1jbUBVqRi2FVlTVw Closer (feat. Halsey) The Chainsmokers 85 0rSLgV8p5FzfnqlEk4GzxE Closer (feat. Halsey) 2016-07-29 Post pop teen 222nc9tKxKhfZ2GBrOpwH3 pop post-teen pop 0.748000 0.524000 8 -5.599000 1 0.033800 0.414000 0.000000 0.111000 0.661000 95.010000 244960
4cFykOhUKQ5dnwLYf59s00 Disciples Stee Downes 0 6Pxaila5LZFj9LZqiffoa0 All In A Day 2008-10-20 NEO FUNK AND SOUL 2WbTrS5D0V2TW6DiDkJBru r&b neo soul 0.678000 0.782000 0 -7.416000 0 0.115000 0.117000 0.000000 0.242000 0.865000 116.039000 250480
6qsArsTq6WoqtUFUe1e15W Airplanes Local Natives 49 2cIpJDijNEoHv88jJKwDID Gorilla Manor 2010-02-16 Ultimate Indie Presents... Best Indie Tracks of the 2010s 37i9dQZF1DWTHM4kX49UKs pop dance pop 0.588000 0.529000 2 -7.838000 1 0.024200 0.534000 0.068300 0.126000 0.591000 95.971000 237933
2OxUtaKYeahAGNaBiahXtR Diabla - Official Remix Farruko 68 3vMjckv3marP7H96rP6VKZ Diabla (Official Remix) 2017-02-25 Trap Rewind 37i9dQZF1DX0JcH25923HT rap trap 0.684000 0.725000 7 -4.343000 1 0.086300 0.448000 0.000000 0.194000 0.575000 137.945000 331413
4iLqG9SeJSnt0cSPICSjxv Attention Charlie Puth 23 0t0NkQulrNkxw2oUZZHboA Attention 2017-04-20 Pop Inglés (2020 - 2010s)💙 Música En Inglés 2010s 4QAzO1Z92yqqD6Mf3mOANu pop dance pop 0.774000 0.626000 3 -4.432000 0 0.043200 0.096900 0.000031 0.084800 0.777000 100.041000 211475
3ahC30o4eQOsfQ6uHhkr0g Lalu Omy de Oro 53 6LDEPHqZF6bOMbSDg5VmlO Lalu 2019-11-21 Trap Land 37i9dQZF1DXde9tuMHuIsj rap trap 0.802000 0.548000 0 -8.798000 1 0.111000 0.120000 0.000131 0.218000 0.240000 145.059000 204663
3uhTOxvu2h2YEm0uPNF2vi Doch in der Nacht Apache 207 79 0IoleYbJxOgQLuZDkzyzPG Platte 2019-10-25 Modus Mio 37i9dQZF1DX36edUJpD76c rap hip hop 0.901000 0.832000 9 -6.906000 0 0.074000 0.121000 0.249000 0.213000 0.708000 130.994000 191760
5vCMqXWUY0gQffbbX1z2eK Visit By Cap Kendricks Funky Notes 56 4Tp1yDTcXEOg5Nu8jb9cjV Second Home 2019-05-03 Jazz Vibes 37i9dQZF1DX0SM0LYsmbMT rap hip hop 0.525000 0.729000 6 -5.085000 0 0.328000 0.339000 0.000494 0.538000 0.842000 81.634000 195333
2EBCVPNAG46nbgs6jXPGvv Starships Nicki Minaj 73 22F5ZYY1sxoJjk6HzZfmC1 Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded The Re-Up (Explicit Version) 2012-01-01 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019 - 2020 TOP HITS 2DjIfVDXGYDgRxw7IJTKVb edm pop edm 0.747000 0.716000 11 -2.457000 0 0.075000 0.135000 0.000000 0.251000 0.751000 125.008000 210627
5WNYg3usc6H8N3MBEp4zVk Boredom (feat. Rex Orange County & Anna of the North) Tyler, The Creator 74 2nkto6YNI4rUYTLqEwWJ3o Flower Boy 2017-07-21 indie poptimism 1E5VdGGWkpDQ682gdvJAZH pop indie poptimism 0.559000 0.578000 8 -9.540000 1 0.151000 0.790000 0.000522 0.324000 0.239000 79.938000 320720
1E5m92fn5c92TUH6NP7HDX Tutto apposto (feat. Capo Plaza) Philip 63 0nKGLpCDpfDeNMgXLlsYiw Tutto apposto (feat. Capo Plaza) 2019-09-27 Zona Trap 37i9dQZF1DWXU2naFUn37x rap trap 0.700000 0.616000 4 -8.505000 1 0.155000 0.270000 0.000000 0.174000 0.550000 140.000000 175429
6x7r0lpyqxBKGq8J7LFMeu Sun Is Never Going Down (feat. Dawn Golden) Martin Garrix 52 0f1CZexom6ELxbDZx32fyk Seven 2016-10-28 Hands Up‏‏​​ ‍ 1lSdljPk8zcAdXVMUduDia edm progressive electro house 0.506000 0.726000 5 -5.964000 0 0.036600 0.003080 0.000081 0.266000 0.266000 128.044000 204418
6h3NfvlWed8jwv1xECzQE4 Crush Beckett 37 0BqlMoauOZmhtKbVZ5Dlhc Primetime 2016-12-24 Japanese Funk/Soul/NEO/Jazz/Acid 4zNayWuATXCAA9gaXvnFnq r&b neo soul 0.709000 0.545000 0 -10.370000 1 0.035900 0.284000 0.948000 0.052900 0.587000 112.631000 226647
2iQecdm9sXeYFg9uem5hmt No Te Puedo Olvidar Camilo Séptimo 55 5Tgu2cu18iufiBiwlE7Fht Óleos 2017-03-31 ELECTROPOP EN ESPAÑOL 3VfscqF7zq65IGKiYM3FS0 pop electropop 0.697000 0.600000 1 -9.439000 0 0.026600 0.146000 0.125000 0.096500 0.498000 99.979000 278272
0vRvoOEUTabrQNmqUCD5Uw The Spook Returns KSHMR 0 3KgMiD9uBGsdfjuefgDGik The Spook Returns 2016-11-18 Big Room House | Festival Bangers 5Bx5niVgi3qGQQw06C0RKq edm big room 0.466000 0.936000 1 -4.405000 0 0.185000 0.009480 0.356000 0.154000 0.370000 127.863000 189896
7LzouaWGFCy4tkXDOOnEyM Liar Camila Cabello 87 3xgS4rfthlsvhW7J2WLiiR Liar 2019-09-04 Pop Inglés (2020 - 2010s)💙 Música En Inglés 2010s 4QAzO1Z92yqqD6Mf3mOANu pop dance pop 0.740000 0.498000 11 -6.684000 0 0.045600 0.016900 0.002820 0.319000 0.652000 98.016000 207039
0l0CvurVUrr2w3Jj1hOVFc NO Meghan Trainor 69 08eweM0IZoZPCCxODbrMoL Thank You (Deluxe Version) 2017-05-12 Pop Inglés (2020 - 2010s)💙 Música En Inglés 2010s 4QAzO1Z92yqqD6Mf3mOANu pop dance pop 0.557000 0.801000 1 -3.602000 0 0.218000 0.012500 0.000002 0.737000 0.654000 92.135000 213507
3ALLv1BQxYFlJ8XQOQtgW1 DIEZ MINUTOS (feat. Mario Bautista) Paula Cendejas 44 5EMNFBHTdsIeCMqKou5HuQ DIEZ MINUTOS (feat. Mario Bautista) 2019-07-26 Latin Pop Songs 5uOMV7g6vp8WxoqXfkzKaw latin latin pop 0.805000 0.767000 8 -3.977000 0 0.056000 0.087000 0.007220 0.177000 0.797000 97.986000 189894
5Ng5imfPCY4S1RxugcYd3g Did I Do Something Wrong? Bex 36 1e5inhXMjtPWEBjQqrD3XM Did I Do Something Wrong? 2019-12-13 The Edge of Indie Poptimism 5vIdb67lQcdFwoVkE4UMep pop indie poptimism 0.445000 0.280000 2 -8.487000 0 0.031300 0.609000 0.000000 0.149000 0.065900 123.828000 282773
3uYzfyifC7J1j1IEjN1xz6 This Love - Acoustic Maroon 5 2 3toVRkWzjEYU9U51GDqllW 1.22.03 Acoustic 2004 Unplugged Hits 📣 5NTm3injIRkUMROsZr3C2O latin latin pop 0.637000 0.631000 1 -8.934000 1 0.066500 0.508000 0.000014 0.380000 0.683000 91.111000 255293
4VOSwu01kbILSLnLTD6oG0 Anotha Day Anotha Balla South Circle 17 7mSFMSNaJi8qgJEyakyfcp Anotha Day Anotha Balla 1995-07-04 Southern Hip Hop 3R5c1OfJY7Rzl3p28pzGtL rap southern hip hop 0.704000 0.620000 7 -6.454000 1 0.296000 0.132000 0.000000 0.112000 0.712000 75.168000 193627
6JvfBzqZmSiEG5MjM7OcSY Diddy Bop (feat. Cam O'bi & Raury) Noname 63 18Scpsg5OV1iYNtSaCsjwz Telefone 2016-08-12 Ultimate Indie Presents... Best Indie Tracks of the 2010s 37i9dQZF1DWTHM4kX49UKs r&b hip pop 0.637000 0.503000 1 -6.927000 1 0.336000 0.713000 0.000113 0.109000 0.661000 81.061000 208000
3VQjHDZKiksfFLm7Fg8dEF Immortal - Edited Version Kid Cudi 0 5swgvXgehowppGjSaAXtU5 Immortal 2013-03-14 Hip-Hop 'n RnB 0275i1VNfBnsNbPl0QIBpG rap southern hip hop 0.583000 0.914000 0 -2.295000 1 0.158000 0.155000 0.000014 0.389000 0.556000 84.968000 302507
27GmP9AWRs744SzKcpJsTZ Jumpman Drake 75 1ozpmkWcCHwsQ4QTnxOOdT What A Time To Be Alive 2015-09-20 Hip Hop Controller 37i9dQZF1DWT5MrZnPU1zD rap hip hop 0.852000 0.553000 1 -7.286000 1 0.187000 0.056300 0.000000 0.332000 0.656000 142.072000 205879
0r4wOGAdRfCJyaognMP44R In Da Club Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz 30 0hk2hXNB5d65F400dhcdcV Crunk Juice 2004-11-16 90s-2000s Southern Hip Hop / Crunk 5wsWBmQgDtKa8CEg7wTEMi rap southern hip hop 0.782000 0.718000 1 -4.277000 1 0.111000 0.008340 0.000000 0.163000 0.641000 104.067000 269920
5dd8tOJwLqEvasVqvvrJzV On & On Erykah Badu 49 0ANbEIqol6OKQl36DYBAom Baduizm - Special Edition 1997-02-11 Neo Soul 2YPP7fiYu5pIcp2yyHvw4A r&b neo soul 0.766000 0.397000 11 -10.414000 0 0.154000 0.047300 0.007650 0.261000 0.344000 80.421000 225973
3BffVF4K7OelPuo46KUqhe Ella Me Levanto Daddy Yankee 0 7lTcWPFUnZtJ2zQiV9x4xk El Cartel: The Big Boss (Explicit Version) 2007-06-04 REGGAETON ANTIGUO 🔥 42E6uFhL4e2nXmbmeigwXb latin reggaeton 0.759000 0.900000 2 -4.766000 0 0.064300 0.080400 0.000000 0.224000 0.760000 100.021000 209493
3NxjPAciuwddPmhuvR2xjO homesoon. jamesjamesjames 38 72RPcI0gbsxX4cYzJjWQdv homesoon. 2019-12-27 Electro Posé - Discoveries 6nZaTh6K1SwhdELFTmA99C edm electro house 0.753000 0.497000 8 -12.920000 0 0.045300 0.172000 0.862000 0.139000 0.108000 124.986000 235000
46lFttIf5hnUZMGvjK0Wxo Runaway (U & I) Galantis 74 4QcXq4vTVN7dFb7bZa9jG2 Pharmacy 2015-06-05 Indie Poptimism 2QiMewRbSavfZ9MSAYz2h6 pop indie poptimism 0.506000 0.805000 1 -4.119000 1 0.046900 0.007110 0.001930 0.085600 0.383000 126.008000 227074
0QVCqacAloq7NsnPWhW3Pk It's So Hard To Say Goodbye To Yesterday - Original Version Boyz II Men 0 3riDn321q9TNeS1YOSzkv7 Cooleyhighharmony 1991-04-30 New Jack Swing 3ykXidKLz1eYPvuGoFlD1e r&b new jack swing 0.297000 0.098600 4 -17.710000 1 0.032400 0.924000 0.000000 0.144000 0.297000 132.121000 169200
5GjisoOfsN8qagrax01T4y Wanna Be The Internet 58 27ThgFMUAx3MXLQ297DzWF Hive Mind 2018-07-20 Contemporary Urban 6wyJ4bsjZaUKa9f6GeZlAO r&b urban contemporary 0.875000 0.410000 7 -6.290000 0 0.057100 0.067400 0.037400 0.106000 0.445000 87.999000 267400
1oJssChX7jb4SoUQa3juR1 I Like That The Last Skeptik 40 1d7t2Jy5cJe8JmZ0yJ4IMV I Like That 2019-07-26 Alternative Hip Hop 37i9dQZF1DWTggY0yqBxES rap hip hop 0.721000 0.645000 9 -7.837000 0 0.051300 0.004080 0.001790 0.095700 0.415000 113.068000 229911
1zOaxkbS1kAY1gIi0g8sOm It's My Life Bon Jovi 14 2R8sO7coUsDazpoQzmGIWp Crush 2000-06-13 keg party jukebox 4PjiT7SWnUsTTTvKOuR76f rock permanent wave 0.551000 0.913000 0 -4.063000 0 0.046600 0.026300 0.000013 0.347000 0.544000 119.992000 224493
4UIUaKFABiomFavFdKOwMb Could Be You (feat. Danny Dearden) Michael Calfan 58 1K5fNuI3Pib5TI1VDOu4FL Could Be You (feat. Danny Dearden) 2019-12-06 Brand New EDM 2dNitDEHM9FpUGEHWc7zyW edm progressive electro house 0.685000 0.871000 10 -6.258000 0 0.047900 0.001390 0.000073 0.250000 0.102000 121.921000 170040
5mrBYl7laD552kxVsSXy2j Love Cynthia Jones 4 77EiKFk6axcdKp31cojgPX Journey Of Soul 2011-08-29 Gospel Neo Soul 2wP2UAYC4Nqb6oUXkMJlAz r&b neo soul 0.719000 0.403000 4 -9.510000 0 0.057800 0.177000 0.000006 0.062400 0.548000 171.976000 251733
7yws3pF3FFguwT2Psi6c15 Do You Remember Jay Sean 67 3v0AeWgJPrdPPZGt1tS2s0 All Or Nothing 2009-01-01 Pop 2009-2011 3gV6KQYZKIuoWml0094vx6 latin latin hip hop 0.855000 0.668000 11 -4.892000 1 0.064400 0.024200 0.000000 0.102000 0.803000 125.846000 210307
0CV7Da7d7Qe682eEphuowh From Earth To Heaven Ballin Entertainment 0 5L1xcowSxwzFUSJzvyMp48 Ultimate Freestyle Mega Mix 2008-04-20 Latin Hip Hop/Freestyle 2MYEUjX0YAI9dxrBDzoCK7 latin latin hip hop 0.711000 0.862000 10 -12.749000 0 0.078900 0.008010 0.202000 0.276000 0.847000 128.125000 142315
3kZUnG3jVpgwh3TQFdTv18 Rhiannon - 2017 Remaster Fleetwood Mac 47 6jTUmLtY779ZNYsyugOq2q Fleetwood Mac (2017 Remaster) 1975-07-11 I didn’t know perm stood for permanent (wave) 3e6gYPyrTbaB8BWgSHCt5j rock permanent wave 0.728000 0.598000 9 -10.251000 0 0.028400 0.224000 0.142000 0.098800 0.797000 129.516000 250360
7pr168TcvrcajZoKC0qxi7 Tokyo Rewind 20 6j5tml7cagMte3dcTQWUVZ Tokyo 2019-09-10 Tastemakers Ball - EDM - POP and FUN 67cpuBAXjwibm3LG333Oaq edm pop edm 0.700000 0.593000 0 -7.164000 1 0.039500 0.005160 0.432000 0.141000 0.336000 128.005000 214687
3ibroeR6Dw9wsE8lPWJJG0 Headless Hobby Horse - Teamworx Remix Dada Life 15 1yOKW090xo0MMxcnP80n3y Our Nation (The Remixes) 2019-02-08 Big Room 2019 6SrHyxIxWfQx9ISEr6yowk edm big room 0.686000 0.960000 1 -6.937000 1 0.080500 0.049400 0.579000 0.600000 0.229000 127.993000 187973
179wSw6TBxrM4aiEJ6SIyH Where the Rivers Flow - Radio Mix Sons Of Maria 49 7yfa1gDDeXE3klycaaU9zu Where the Rivers Flow 2015-08-10 Tropical Morning 0vbtbmyihyvl2MVYrdKdGw latin tropical 0.701000 0.844000 0 -4.485000 1 0.076600 0.031200 0.000054 0.296000 0.240000 120.004000 183803
5MLLuLqPdUlx8bfKtdkLwO The Best of My Love - 2013 Remaster Eagles 58 2iCHyD9XHtA3vJFJIuXzqu On the Border (2013 Remaster) 1974 Soft Rock Drive 37i9dQZF1DX6TIU4D13lOY rock classic rock 0.559000 0.393000 0 -11.095000 1 0.023700 0.717000 0.000000 0.053200 0.669000 90.105000 274891
0BDmyy2xonhhvcl2QDg2Xh Cobra Formal One 36 1se7OjX41LBkLRQT73mR1t Cobra 2018-12-22 Trap Mojito 37i9dQZF1DX1OIMC8iDi74 rap trap 0.549000 0.949000 2 -4.074000 1 0.059500 0.001220 0.004550 0.104000 0.169000 160.022000 255000
72RFLY7sigTDszBRAKg9Mf Like A Bitch - Extended Mix Zomboy 53 0OooME7xUZgSSkBKwzl5X4 Neon Grave 2016-03-11 Trap Nation 🔊 5aPwKjwNHr6dnCejLcPTVx rap trap 0.592000 0.988000 6 -0.846000 1 0.099700 0.000767 0.707000 0.084700 0.268000 149.985000 264000
6V775dYuMO5BKjo9C3nhqL Sara Starship 38 1iUToID4xbYZLLdfr82goF Best of Starship 2010-06-22 80s Pop & Rock Hits and Album Tracks 0XOIK4m26aeYSD61E5nSVW rock album rock 0.630000 0.611000 10 -10.298000 1 0.034800 0.229000 0.000004 0.105000 0.275000 103.043000 285942
4W5DfWLMQ6HE4nfUUDpiln Locators Losless 7 3t2DD3EGBm8RPvj01f7PRt Locators 2018-08-13 Underground Party | Hypnotic | Minimal | Acid | Big Room | Tech | Liquid 29jj7pQlDqnWclbHQk21Rq edm progressive electro house 0.772000 0.672000 1 -9.786000 0 0.075800 0.145000 0.916000 0.078600 0.065500 123.970000 427773
0wGFNHfPbknx9LAt8Nj8FE I Bet My Life - Alex Adair Remix Imagine Dragons 2 64fRjnGGjvdXC5PfTJKz8M I Bet My Life (Remixes) 2015-01-26 Chillout & Remixes 💜 4NlAd9NpIa92IjErMyAriM pop indie poptimism 0.591000 0.519000 1 -9.077000 1 0.279000 0.063700 0.000238 0.154000 0.588000 117.159000 190280
0ZgTez1pojM5aCxsV0hrC9 No Guarantee - Remix Version Chico DeBarge 34 0AHbQKIEj4X5ghszLRhnLL Long Time No See 1997-11-18 90s R&B - The BET Planet Groove/Midnight Love Mix 7LjRWGUdOmBdPG1W1bga4i r&b new jack swing 0.851000 0.750000 11 -5.789000 0 0.119000 0.064600 0.000000 0.261000 0.623000 127.885000 244467
1CuBioSnK1CMLeKDmNpoix Rasputin - Radio Edit Hard Rock Sofa 0 4AVZ53s6eDK8dn00x4gaNE House Summerlove 2013 2013-05-31 Fitness Workout Electro | House | Dance | Progressive House 6KnQDwp0syvhfHOR4lWP7x edm progressive electro house 0.531000 0.973000 5 -1.870000 1 0.039900 0.034600 0.709000 0.203000 0.130000 127.980000 170507
7bNFkCSO1ofu3uzr6voY7T Just Got Paid ZZ Top 52 4M9bA8YsjIlZOg2wD0BmsM Rio Grande Mud 1972 Badass Rock 44bkJI1QGkT2O0GYJSsbkp rap southern hip hop 0.567000 0.687000 9 -10.536000 1 0.043500 0.290000 0.426000 0.121000 0.625000 99.930000 267480
1hES47PrbU8GPTI5A9lsr0 I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You) Aretha Franklin 54 5WndWfzGwCkHzAbQXVkg2V I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You 1967-03-10 Sexy Soul 2020 5EMARioe9z9eKOeWIAC2JW r&b neo soul 0.657000 0.371000 5 -9.186000 1 0.035900 0.367000 0.045900 0.157000 0.709000 134.867000 171773
6vcIFbbIOVfek0Npl2t1qq If I Can't 50 Cent 0 2PiSkRUZWhvID1Cf3ppls4 Get Rich Or Die Tryin' (Explicit Version) 2003-02-06 Gangster Rap 5joQabz9ys3XPGbSx5CaKv rap gangster rap 0.877000 0.638000 11 -2.537000 0 0.333000 0.249000 0.000000 0.023900 0.836000 93.952000 196640
12avIub7BD2xuMOhyvIr08 Ratata TV Noise 38 63vsIUF04vVOP94Gd5qAgY Bring It Back EP 2019-02-01 Nasty Bits 37i9dQZF1DX2VvACCrgjrt edm electro house 0.893000 0.740000 10 -2.948000 0 0.114000 0.001790 0.000040 0.073400 0.644000 127.978000 162899
3bN4tg6rnNPy9GCkGhym4T Message In A Bottle - Remastered 2003 The Police 18 4dB2uBf7IEazBMreDVZmB2 Reggatta De Blanc (Remastered) 1979-10-02 Classic Rock 70s 80s 90s, Rock Classics - 70s Rock, 80s Rock, 90s Rock Rock Classicos 3Ho3iO0iJykgEQNbjB2sic rock classic rock 0.577000 0.808000 1 -7.040000 0 0.039000 0.033800 0.000013 0.221000 0.869000 151.008000 290280
6oKyVzTqcAq9UE9HeIfo2E Lets Get It On - Marvin Gay Sample P I A (Players In Action) 17 7bZPSiqIkFk9Lb3HDR5DYj On Everythang 2011-08-30 The 1950s/1960s/1970s/1980s/1990s/2000s/2010s with pop/r&b/soul/boogie/dance/jazz/hip hop/hop/rap. 1S7BckuYIkEazeNKOSM0uA r&b urban contemporary 0.571000 0.387000 8 -12.372000 1 0.459000 0.054900 0.000000 0.080300 0.196000 164.977000 246587
722tgOgdIbNe3BEyLnejw4 Black Skinhead Kanye West 75 7D2NdGvBHIavgLhmcwhluK Yeezus 2013-01-01 Locker Room 37i9dQZF1DX8SaiEt4OVJw edm big room 0.766000 0.821000 1 -6.124000 1 0.268000 0.001120 0.000000 0.168000 0.299000 130.073000 188013
6wWCyJmOsODjsCMtpjAH3H Murder Mako 50 3otM0vxBA5mHRB8jk4Q0SZ Murder 2018-06-22 Indie Poptimism 1pZWCY50kMUhshcESknir8 pop indie poptimism 0.640000 0.646000 5 -6.161000 0 0.130000 0.276000 0.000000 0.126000 0.370000 97.864000 189185
4PNKgqXRmLMPC14Xc0RxME Mi Chain de Roque Duki 1 3AYOcFGbuVXt9t5Fx0jRXo Mi Chain de Roque 2018-09-29 Trapperz Argentina 37i9dQZF1DWXrVH01e3PIE rap trap 0.735000 0.656000 0 -6.573000 1 0.035900 0.114000 0.000000 0.170000 0.298000 129.989000 182293
00MI0oGDVJYM1qWbyUOIhH 867-5309 / Jenny Tommy Tutone 43 6lqQzf2MGsTQ577cGXIfcK 867-5309 / Jenny 2008-04-09 80s / Classic Rock 29dTrOurPDrMcrnio2q6hZ rock classic rock 0.730000 0.785000 2 -7.201000 1 0.045600 0.041800 0.006690 0.123000 0.724000 137.639000 231080
5RJ6LmF7ElAfQuCAQ8QDI1 Kristall AK Ausserkontrolle 49 6GYCFK7OD4XiJhUTTnGU8Z A.S.S.N. 2017-05-05 Gangster Rap Deutsch 1qXg9ck25tBRxeXsj8mbDG rap gangster rap 0.702000 0.687000 0 -4.902000 1 0.365000 0.236000 0.000000 0.114000 0.294000 94.740000 164680
1345xOev1kyaeqRdeTxiLi Life in the Balance The Four Owls 44 3JitDZ8GaCRvhBGpSDBCBj Nature's Greatest Mystery 2011-12-05 Saxophone in Hip Hop - R&B Lounge - Jazz Rap 2ujrP2rPxu8ao7wNeG1ZOY r&b neo soul 0.666000 0.840000 7 -5.376000 1 0.327000 0.489000 0.000000 0.163000 0.697000 86.660000 275827



Now with context: this is a sample of the Spotify songs dataset — audio features and metadata for tracks across 6 playlist genres (edm, latin, pop, r&b, rap, rock), collected via Spotify’s API. More info here.

And with the column (variable) names restored:

track_id track_name track_artist track_popularity track_album_id track_album_name track_album_release_date playlist_name playlist_id playlist_genre playlist_subgenre danceability energy key loudness mode speechiness acousticness instrumentalness liveness valence tempo duration_ms
697MjF1454XKvZmTuqkWmD I Miss You Jeriqo 45 2vJ6FDg6ZMS56U8Wbiw2Oz I Miss You 2019-02-05 Pop Hits 2000-2019 6mtYuOxzl58vSGnEDtZ9uB edm pop edm 0.520000 0.789000 0 -7.717000 1 0.043200 0.004910 0.000013 0.081600 0.415000 174.026000 216347
3x2bXiU0o4WbsPkawXlfDA Who Are You The Who 17 6LRJF97hgXHj8uMLHyCDbh Who Are You (Remastered) 1978-08-18 House Of The Rising Sun 1bMYfBHYBCRHY5LGkjlpSy rock album rock 0.651000 0.661000 9 -11.405000 1 0.051100 0.265000 0.003130 0.106000 0.489000 156.371000 378707
0jEaPBjFAWjQTMVouRwaHi Happy The Beef Seeds 30 4IQn9XpweytNX2cUe2NBUH Keepin' it Beefy 2015-01-19 Bluegrass Covers 37i9dQZF1DX56crgoe4TG3 r&b hip pop 0.640000 0.758000 10 -5.204000 1 0.160000 0.665000 0.000000 0.127000 0.932000 86.529000 218044
5EKUb1FKsyYVaSXb41YBIj ONE Rev Theory 35 0gGic19XvEiHKKWBV7M4YM ONE 2020-01-15 Rock Hard 37i9dQZF1DWWJOmJ7nRx0C rock hard rock 0.398000 0.966000 4 -2.352000 0 0.045300 0.000006 0.000000 0.303000 0.520000 90.016000 208196
300DUx4tdtCdGEUXR032jA Palace/Curse The Internet 62 69g3CtOVg98TPOwqmI2K7Q Ego Death 2015-06-26 NEO-soul 3q3M4VCymcMoxJ3Tl7mRqN r&b neo soul 0.447000 0.625000 10 -8.212000 0 0.323000 0.035100 0.000727 0.243000 0.261000 67.104000 440013
1itdjHXFxPQUje5AsI5e9P Hände hoch Baba Saad 22 474520Emg4GhbVg9rmqfib Hände hoch 2017-11-06 Gangster Rap Deutsch 1qXg9ck25tBRxeXsj8mbDG rap gangster rap 0.609000 0.613000 1 -6.662000 1 0.384000 0.145000 0.000000 0.383000 0.498000 91.113000 154768
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35FIDQv0u26DSknDahmcdz With You Lewka 41 5JidIN4s1iPbc7zuIHhUIw With You 2019-08-16 Tropical House 🏝 2020 Hits 2SRbIs0eBQwHeTP7kErjwo latin tropical 0.692000 0.861000 7 -4.864000 0 0.061900 0.380000 0.000021 0.215000 0.558000 115.029000 137348
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7BKLCZ1jbUBVqRi2FVlTVw Closer (feat. Halsey) The Chainsmokers 85 0rSLgV8p5FzfnqlEk4GzxE Closer (feat. Halsey) 2016-07-29 Post pop teen 222nc9tKxKhfZ2GBrOpwH3 pop post-teen pop 0.748000 0.524000 8 -5.599000 1 0.033800 0.414000 0.000000 0.111000 0.661000 95.010000 244960
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2EBCVPNAG46nbgs6jXPGvv Starships Nicki Minaj 73 22F5ZYY1sxoJjk6HzZfmC1 Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded The Re-Up (Explicit Version) 2012-01-01 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019 - 2020 TOP HITS 2DjIfVDXGYDgRxw7IJTKVb edm pop edm 0.747000 0.716000 11 -2.457000 0 0.075000 0.135000 0.000000 0.251000 0.751000 125.008000 210627
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6x7r0lpyqxBKGq8J7LFMeu Sun Is Never Going Down (feat. Dawn Golden) Martin Garrix 52 0f1CZexom6ELxbDZx32fyk Seven 2016-10-28 Hands Up‏‏​​ ‍ 1lSdljPk8zcAdXVMUduDia edm progressive electro house 0.506000 0.726000 5 -5.964000 0 0.036600 0.003080 0.000081 0.266000 0.266000 128.044000 204418
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2iQecdm9sXeYFg9uem5hmt No Te Puedo Olvidar Camilo Séptimo 55 5Tgu2cu18iufiBiwlE7Fht Óleos 2017-03-31 ELECTROPOP EN ESPAÑOL 3VfscqF7zq65IGKiYM3FS0 pop electropop 0.697000 0.600000 1 -9.439000 0 0.026600 0.146000 0.125000 0.096500 0.498000 99.979000 278272
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0l0CvurVUrr2w3Jj1hOVFc NO Meghan Trainor 69 08eweM0IZoZPCCxODbrMoL Thank You (Deluxe Version) 2017-05-12 Pop Inglés (2020 - 2010s)💙 Música En Inglés 2010s 4QAzO1Z92yqqD6Mf3mOANu pop dance pop 0.557000 0.801000 1 -3.602000 0 0.218000 0.012500 0.000002 0.737000 0.654000 92.135000 213507
3ALLv1BQxYFlJ8XQOQtgW1 DIEZ MINUTOS (feat. Mario Bautista) Paula Cendejas 44 5EMNFBHTdsIeCMqKou5HuQ DIEZ MINUTOS (feat. Mario Bautista) 2019-07-26 Latin Pop Songs 5uOMV7g6vp8WxoqXfkzKaw latin latin pop 0.805000 0.767000 8 -3.977000 0 0.056000 0.087000 0.007220 0.177000 0.797000 97.986000 189894
5Ng5imfPCY4S1RxugcYd3g Did I Do Something Wrong? Bex 36 1e5inhXMjtPWEBjQqrD3XM Did I Do Something Wrong? 2019-12-13 The Edge of Indie Poptimism 5vIdb67lQcdFwoVkE4UMep pop indie poptimism 0.445000 0.280000 2 -8.487000 0 0.031300 0.609000 0.000000 0.149000 0.065900 123.828000 282773
3uYzfyifC7J1j1IEjN1xz6 This Love - Acoustic Maroon 5 2 3toVRkWzjEYU9U51GDqllW 1.22.03 Acoustic 2004 Unplugged Hits 📣 5NTm3injIRkUMROsZr3C2O latin latin pop 0.637000 0.631000 1 -8.934000 1 0.066500 0.508000 0.000014 0.380000 0.683000 91.111000 255293
4VOSwu01kbILSLnLTD6oG0 Anotha Day Anotha Balla South Circle 17 7mSFMSNaJi8qgJEyakyfcp Anotha Day Anotha Balla 1995-07-04 Southern Hip Hop 3R5c1OfJY7Rzl3p28pzGtL rap southern hip hop 0.704000 0.620000 7 -6.454000 1 0.296000 0.132000 0.000000 0.112000 0.712000 75.168000 193627
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27GmP9AWRs744SzKcpJsTZ Jumpman Drake 75 1ozpmkWcCHwsQ4QTnxOOdT What A Time To Be Alive 2015-09-20 Hip Hop Controller 37i9dQZF1DWT5MrZnPU1zD rap hip hop 0.852000 0.553000 1 -7.286000 1 0.187000 0.056300 0.000000 0.332000 0.656000 142.072000 205879
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2.2 A systematic approach: the five W’s (and one H)

To describe any dataset systematically, ask:

  • Who? and What?
  • When?, Where?, and How?
  • Why?

In this class, we only work with tabular data, that is, data that fits inside a spreadsheet.

2.2.1 Who

The rows are the individual cases about whom (or about which) we record some characteristics.

Depending on the situation, they are called - respondents answering a survey - participants or subjects of clinical trials - records of a database (e.g. purchase records or patient records) - observations or sample points or data points, etc.

2.2.2 What

The what are the variables of interest. They are the columns of a table, also called features or descriptors.

For each variable, we want a name and a description.

NoteIn-class activity

Give the who and what for each dataset:

  • US Billboard Hot 100 lyrics
  • Spotify songs

2.2.3 When, where, and how

The observations are samples from a larger population that we’d like to understand. When we conclude from a sample, we implicitly assume that those conclusions apply to the entire population of interest.

  • As readers, we want to know the when and where of the data collection, and the how of the sampling method, to assess whether the sample is representative of the population of interest.
  • As statisticians (devising the statistical analysis), we must provide the when, where, and how to convince others that our conclusions are valid.

When was the data collected? Where was it collected? How was it collected?

Values recorded a decade ago may mean something different from similar values recorded last year (look at soccer players’ transfer fees over the years). Values measured in Tanzania may differ in meaning from those measured in Mexico.

Finally, How is important to assess whether there’s a bias in the sample. Surveyors try to avoid bias in the sample by asking questions to a representative population (same percentages of men and women, age groups, etc.). A voluntary online survey is worthless.

2.3 Variable types

In tabular data, a variable is either categorical or numerical. Different statistical methods apply to each type.

Categorical. If a variable has a small number of possible values, we call it categorical. It often describes the group or category to which each individual belongs: with/without kids, smoker/non-smoker, country of residence, etc.

Also called qualitative or nominal variables (because they name categories).

To summarise categorical variables, we can count how many individuals fall into each category, and display the counts or frequencies in a table or a bar chart.

Numerical. Roughly, a variable is numerical if it can take many possible values, all of which are numbers.

Also called quantitative or continuous variables. Quantitative variables typically record an amount or degree of something. For quantitative variables, we have to know the units. (If I promise to give you a billion (no units), I’m not promising much.)

A few remarks:

  • A good rule of thumb is that if you can compute an average, the variable is quantitative. If you want to count how many individuals fall into each category, the variable is categorical.
  • Some variables are numbers but can be treated as categorical. For example, a variable recording the number of children in a family can be categorical if we group families by that number (families with 0 children, families with 1 child, families with 2 children, etc.). Being categorical or quantitative depends on what we want to do with the variable, not on the values themselves.

Identifiers. Some variables are neither categorical nor numerical. Consider, for instance, student IDs: each individual receives a unique value. This is an identifier variable: there are as many values as there are individuals.

Identifiers are useful, but not typically for analysis. Even if they are numbers, we don’t compute averages of student IDs, and we don’t count how many students have each ID.

Ordinal. A typical course evaluation survey asks,

“How valuable do you think this course will be to you?” 1 = Worthless; 2 = Slightly; 3 = Middling; 4 = Reasonably; 5 = Invaluable.

Is Educational Value categorical or quantitative? Often, the best way to tell is to look to the Why of the study. I might count the number of students who gave each response for my course: I’d treat Educational Value as a categorical variable. If I want to see whether the course is improving, I might compare the average Educational Value this year with last year’s; I’d treat Educational Value as a quantitative variable.